ROME \u2014 In the great open-air theater that is Rome, the characters talk with their hands as much as their mouths.
\nWhile talking animatedly on their cellphones or smoking cigarettes or even while downshifting their tiny cars through rush-hour traffic, they gesticulate with enviably elegant coordination.
\nMultimedia<\/p>\n
The Italian Gesture<\/p>\n
Nichi Vendola, a politician, punctuated an answer with a hand gesture.
\nFrom the classic fingers pinched against the thumb that can mean \u201cWhaddya want from me?\u201d or \u201cI wasn\u2019t born yesterday\u201d to a hand circled slowly, indicating \u201cWhatever\u201d or \u201cThat\u2019ll be the day,\u201d there is an eloquence to the Italian hand gesture. In a culture that prizes oratory, nothing deflates airy rhetoric more swiftly.<\/p>\n
Some gestures are simple: the side of the hand against the belly means hungry; the index finger twisted into the cheek means something tastes good; and tapping one\u2019s wrist is a universal sign for \u201churry up.\u201d But others are far more complex. They add an inflection \u2014 of fatalism, resignation, world-weariness \u2014 that is as much a part of the Italian experience as breathing.<\/p>\n
Two open hands can ask a real question, \u201cWhat\u2019s happening?\u201d But hands placed in prayer become a sort of supplication, a rhetorical question: \u201cWhat do you expect me to do about it?\u201d Ask when a Roman bus might arrive, and the universal answer is shrugged shoulders, an \u201cehh\u201d that sounds like an engine turning over and two raised hands that say, \u201cOnly when Providence allows.\u201d<\/p>\n
To Italians, gesturing comes naturally. \u201cYou mean Americans don\u2019t gesture? They talk like this?\u201d asked Pasquale Guarrancino, a Roman taxi driver, freezing up and placing his arms flat against his sides. He had been sitting in his cab talking with a friend outside, each moving his hands in elaborate choreography. Asked to describe his favorite gesture, he said it was not fit for print.<\/p>\n
In Italy, children and adolescents gesture. The elderly gesture. Some Italians joke that gesturing may even begin before birth. \u201cIn the ultrasound, I think the baby is saying, \u2018Doctor, what do you want from me?\u2019 \u201d said Laura Offeddu, a Roman and an elaborate gesticulator, as she pinched her fingers together and moved her hand up and down.<\/p>\n
On a recent afternoon, two middle-aged men in elegant dark suits were deep in conversation outside the Giolitti ice cream parlor in downtown Rome, gesturing even as they held gelato in cones. One, who gave his name only as Alessandro, noted that younger people used a gesture that his generation did not: quotation marks to signify irony.<\/p>\n
Sometimes gesturing can get out of hand. Last year, Italy\u2019s highest court ruled that a man who inadvertently struck an 80-year-old woman while gesticulating in a piazza in the southern region Puglia was liable for civil damages. \u201cThe public street isn\u2019t a living room,\u201d the judges ruled, saying, \u201cThe habit of accompanying a conversation with gestures, while certainly licit, becomes illicit\u201d in some contexts.<\/p>\n
In 2008, Umberto Bossi, the colorful founder of the conservative Northern League, raised his middle finger during the singing of Italy\u2019s national anthem. But prosecutors in Venice determined that the gesture, while obscene and the cause of widespread outrage, was not a crime.<\/p>\n
Gestures have long been a part of Italy\u2019s political spectacle. Former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi is a noted gesticulator. When he greeted President Obama and his wife, Michelle, at a meeting of the Group of 20 leaders in September 2009, he extended both hands, palms facing toward himself, and then pinched his fingers as he looked Mrs. Obama up and down \u2014 a gesture that might be interpreted as \u201cva-va-voom.\u201d<\/p>\n
In contrast, Giulio Andreotti \u2014 Christian Democrat, seven-time prime minister and by far the most powerful politician of the Italian postwar era \u2014 was famous for keeping both hands clasped in front of him. The subtle, patient gesture functioned as a kind of deterrent, indicating the tremendous power he could deploy if he chose to.<\/p>\n
Isabella Poggi, a professor of psychology at Roma Tre University and an expert on gestures, has identified around 250 gestures that Italians use in everyday conversation. \u201cThere are gestures expressing a threat or a wish or desperation or shame or pride,\u201d she said. The only thing differentiating them from sign language is that they are used individually and lack a full syntax, Ms. Poggi added.<\/p>\n
Far more than quaint folklore, gestures have a rich history. One theory holds that Italians developed them as an alternative form of communication during the centuries when they lived under foreign occupation \u2014 by Austria, France and Spain in the 14th through 19th centuries \u2014 as a way of communicating without their overlords understanding.<\/p>\n
Another theory, advanced by Adam Kendon, the editor in chief of the journal Gesture, is that in overpopulated cities like Naples, gesturing became a way of competing, of marking one\u2019s territory in a crowded arena. \u201cTo get attention, people gestured and used their whole bodies,\u201d Ms. Poggi said, explaining the theory.<\/p>\n
Andrea De Jorio, a 19th-century priest and archaeologist, discovered comparisons between the gestures used by the figures painted on ancient Greek vases found in the Naples area and the gestures used by his Neapolitan contemporaries.<\/p>\n
Over the centuries, languages have evolved, but gestures remain. \u201cGestures change less than words,\u201d Ms. Poggi said.<\/p>\n
Philosophers have long been preoccupied by gesture. In \u201cThe New Science,\u201d the 18th-century Italian philosopher Giambattista Vico, who once taught rhetoric at the University of Naples, argued that gesture might have been the earliest form of language.<\/p>\n
By some accounts, the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein overhauled \u2014 or at least refined \u2014 his theory that language was used to establish truth, to inform, after the Italian economist Piero Sraffa responded to his theory with a single gesture: fingers brushing the chin, indicating \u201cI don\u2019t give a damn,\u201d the classic antiauthority brushoff.<\/p>\n
Such a gesture does not convey information; it negates it. \u201cIt\u2019s a rebellion against power,\u201d Ms. Poggi said, \u201ca way of reacquiring one\u2019s own dignity.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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