{"id":756,"date":"2014-04-18T17:22:17","date_gmt":"2014-04-18T16:22:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.jesusromerotrillo.es\/?p=756"},"modified":"2014-04-18T17:22:17","modified_gmt":"2014-04-18T16:22:17","slug":"gabriel-garcia-marquez-literary-pioneer-dies-at-87","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.jesusromerotrillo.es\/?p=756","title":{"rendered":"Gabriel Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez, Literary Pioneer, Dies at 87"},"content":{"rendered":"

From the New York Times-<\/strong> Gabriel Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez, the Colombian novelist whose \u201cOne Hundred Years of Solitude\u201d established him as a giant of 20th-century literature, died Thursday at his home in Mexico City. He was 87.<\/p>\n

His death was confirmed by Crist\u00f3bal Pera, his former editor at Random House.<\/p>\n

Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez, who received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1982, wrote fiction rooted in a mythical Latin American landscape of his own creation, but his appeal was universal. His books were translated into dozens of languages. He was among a select roster of canonical writers – Dickens, Tolstoy and Hemingway among them – who were embraced both by critics and by a mass audience.<\/p>\n

\u201cEach new work of his is received by expectant critics and readers as an event of world importance,\u201d the Swedish Academy of Letters said in awarding him the Nobel.<\/p>\n

Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez was considered the supreme exponent, if not the creator, of the literary genre known as magic realism, in which the miraculous and the real converge. In his novels and stories, storms rage for years, flowers drift from the skies, tyrants survive for centuries, priests levitate and corpses fail to decompose. And, more plausibly, lovers rekindle their passion after a half-century apart.<\/p>\n

Magic realism, he said, sprang from Latin America\u2019s history of vicious dictators and romantic revolutionaries, of long years of hunger, illness and violence. In accepting his Nobel, Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez said: \u201cPoets and beggars, musicians and prophets, warriors and scoundrels, all creatures of that unbridled reality, we have had to ask but little of imagination. For our crucial problem has been a lack of conventional means to render our lives believable.\u201d<\/p>\n

Like many Latin American intellectuals and artists, Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez felt impelled to speak out on the political issues of his day. He viewed the world from a left-wing perspective, bitterly opposing Gen. Augusto Pinochet, the right-wing Chilean dictator, and unswervingly supporting Fidel Castro in Cuba. Castro became such a close friend that Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez showed him drafts of his unpublished books.<\/p>\n

No draft had more impact than the one for \u201cOne Hundred Years of Solitude.\u201d Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez\u2019s editor began reading it at home one rainy day, and as he read page after page by this unknown Colombian author, his excitement mounted. Soon he called Argentine novelist Tom\u00e1s Eloy Mart\u00ednez and summoned him urgently to the home.<\/p>\n

Eloy Martinez remembered entering the foyer with wet shoes and encountering pages strewn across the floor by the editor in his eagerness to read through the work. They were the first pages of a book that in 1967 would vault Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez onto the world stage. He later authorized an English translation, by Gregory Rabassa. In Spanish or English, readers were tantalized from its opening sentences:<\/p>\n

\u201cMany years later, as he faced the firing squad, Col. Aureliano Buend\u00eda was to remember that distant afternoon when his father took him to discover ice. At that time Macondo was a village of 20 adobe houses built on the bank of a river of clear water that ran along a bed of polished stones, which were white and enormous, like prehistoric eggs. The world was so recent that many things lacked names, and in order to indicate them it was necessary to point.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOne Hundred Years of Solitude\u201d would sell more than 20 million copies. Chilean poet Pablo Neruda called it \u201cthe greatest revelation in the Spanish language since ‘Don Quixote.’\u201d The novelist William Kennedy hailed it as \u201cthe first piece of literature since the Book of Genesis that should be required reading for the entire human race.\u201d<\/p>\n

Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez was rattled by the praise. He grew to hate \u201cOne Hundred Years of Solitude,\u201d he said in interviews, because he feared his subsequent work would not measure up to it in readers\u2019 eyes. He need not have worried. Almost all his 15 other novels and short-story collections were lionized by critics and devoured by readers.<\/p>\n

Gabriel Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez was born in Aracataca, a small town near Colombia\u2019s Caribbean coast, on March 6, 1927. His father, a postal clerk and telegraph operator, could barely support his wife and 12 children; Gabriel, the oldest, spent his early childhood living in the large, ramshackle house of his maternal grandparents. It influenced his writing; it seemed inhabited, he said, by the ghosts his grandmother conjured in the stories she told.<\/p>\n

Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez moved to Bogot\u00e1 as a teenager. He studied law there but never received a degree; he turned instead to journalism.<\/p>\n

The late 1940s and early ’50s in Colombia were a period of civil strife known as La Violencia. The ideological causes were nebulous but the savagery was stark: as many as 300,000 deaths. La Violencia would become the background for several of his novels.<\/p>\n

Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez eked out a living writing for newspapers in Cartagena and then Barranquilla, where he lived in the garret of a brothel and saw a future in literature. \u201cIt was a bohemian life: finish at the paper at 1 in the morning, then write a poem or a short story until about 3, then go out to have a beer,\u201d he said in an interview in 1996. \u201cWhen you went home at dawn, ladies who were going to Mass would cross to the other side of the street for fear that you were either drunk or intending to mug or rape them.\u201d<\/p>\n

He read intensely – the Americans Hemingway, Faulkner, Twain and Melville; the Europeans Dickens, Tolstoy, Proust, Kafka and Virginia Woolf.<\/p>\n

\u201cI cannot imagine how anyone could even think of writing a novel without having at least a vague of idea of the ten thousand years of literature that have gone before,\u201d Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez said. But, he added, \u201cI\u2019ve never tried to imitate authors I\u2019ve admired. On the contrary, I\u2019ve done all I could not to imitate them.\u201d<\/p>\n

As a journalist he scored a scoop when he interviewed a sailor who had been portrayed by the Colombian government as the heroic survivor of a navy destroyer lost at sea. The sailor admitted to him that the ship had been carrying a heavy load of contraband household goods, which unloosed during a storm and caused the ship to list enough to sink. His report, in 1955, infuriated Gen. Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, the country\u2019s dictator, and Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez fled to Europe. He spent two years there as a foreign correspondent.<\/p>\n

Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez was less impressed by Western Europe than many Latin American writers, who looked to the Old World as their cultural fountainhead. His dispatches often reflected his belief that Europeans were patronizing toward Latin America even though their own society was in decline.<\/p>\n

He echoed these convictions in his Nobel address. Europeans, he said, \u201cinsist on measuring us with the yardstick that they use for themselves, forgetting that the ravages of life are not the same for all, and that the quest for our own identity is just as arduous and bloody for us as it was for them.\u201d<\/p>\n

Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez alternated between journalism and fiction in the late 1950s. While working for newspapers and magazines in Venezuela, he wrote a short-story collection, \u201cBig Mama\u2019s Funeral,\u201d which incorporates the kind of magical elements he would master in \u201cOne Hundred Years of Solitude.\u201d From 1959 to 1961 he supported the Castro revolution and wrote for Prensa Latina, the official Cuban press agency.<\/p>\n

In 1961 he moved to Mexico City, where he would live on and off for the rest of his life. It was there, in 1965, after a four-year dry spell in which he wrote no fiction, that Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez began \u201cOne Hundred Years of Solitude.\u201d The inspiration for it, he said, came to him while he was driving to Acapulco.<\/p>\n

Returning home, he began an almost undistracted 18 months of writing while his wife, Mercedes, looked after the household. \u201cWhen I was finished writing,\u201d he recalled, \u201cmy wife said, ‘Did you really finish it? We owe $12,000.’\u201d<\/p>\n

With the book\u2019s publication in 1967, in Buenos Aires, Argentina, the family never owed a penny again. \u201cOne Hundred Years of Solitude\u201d was sold out within days.<\/p>\n

In following the rise and fall of the Buend\u00eda family through several generations of war and peace, affluence and poverty, the novel seemed to many critics and readers the defining saga of Latin America\u2019s social and political history.<\/p>\n

Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez made no claim to have invented magic realism; he pointed out that elements of it had appeared before in Latin American literature. But no one before him had used the style with such artistry, exuberance and power. Magic realism would soon inspire writers on both sides of the Atlantic, most notably Isabel Allende in Chile and Salman Rushdie in Britain.<\/p>\n

\u201cReality is also the myths of the common people,\u201d Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez told an interviewer. \u201cI realized that reality isn\u2019t just the police that kill people, but also everything that forms part of the life of the common people.\u201d<\/p>\n

He incorporated the magical on the first page, writing of \u201ca heavy Gypsy with an untamed beard and sparrow hands\u201d who would drag two metal ingots from door to door to demonstrate their magically magnetic power.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd everybody was amazed,\u201d he wrote, \u201cto see pots, pans, tongs and braziers tumble down from their places and beams creak from the desperation of nails and screws trying to emerge.\u201d<\/p>\n

In 1973, when Pinochet overthrew Chile\u2019s democratically elected Marxist president, Salvador Allende, who committed suicide, Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez vowed never to write as long as Pinochet remained in power.<\/p>\n

The Pinochet dictatorship lasted 17 years, but Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez released himself from his vow well before it ended. \u201cI never thought he\u2019d last so long,\u201d he said in a 1997 interview with The Washington Post. \u201cTime convinced me I was wrong. What I was doing was allowing Pinochet to stop me from writing, which means I had submitted to voluntary censorship.\u201d<\/p>\n

For more than three decades the State Department denied Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez a visa to travel in the United States, supposedly because he had been a member of the Colombian Communist Party in the 1950s but almost certainly because of his continuing espousal of left-wing causes and his friendships with Castro. The ban was rescinded in 1995 after President Bill Clinton invited him to Martha\u2019s Vineyard.<\/p>\n

Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez\u2019s ties to Castro troubled some intellectuals and human rights advocates. Susan Sontag wrote in the 1980s, \u201cTo me it\u2019s scandalous that a writer of such enormous talent be a spokesperson for a government which has put more people in jail (proportionately to its population) than any other government in the world.\u201d<\/p>\n

He attributed the criticism to what he called Americans\u2019 \u201calmost pornographic obsession with Castro.\u201d But he became sensitive enough about the issue to intercede on behalf of jailed Cuban dissidents. Suffering from lymphatic cancer, which was diagnosed in 1999, Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez devoted most of his subsequent writing to his memoirs. One exception was the novel \u201cMemories of My Melancholy Whores,\u201d about the love affair between a 90-year-old man and a 14-year-old prostitute, published in 2004.<\/p>\n

In July 2012, his brother, Jaime, was quoted as saying that Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez had senile dementia and had stopped writing. \u201cSometimes I cry because I feel like I\u2019m losing him,\u201d he said. But Jaime Abello, director of the Gabriel Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez New Journalism Foundation in Cartagena, said the condition had not been clinically diagnosed.<\/p>\n

Pera, the author\u2019s editor at Random House Mondadori, said at the time that Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez had been working on a novel, \u201cWe\u2019ll See Each Other in August,” but that no publication date had been scheduled. The author seemed disinclined to have it published, Pera said: \u201dHe told me, ‘This far along I don\u2019t need to publish more.’”<\/p>\n

Dozens of television and film adaptations were made of Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez\u2019s works, but none achieved the critical or commercial success of his writing, and he declined requests for the movie rights to \u201cOne Hundred Years of Solitude.\u201d The novel\u2019s readers, he once said, \u201calways imagine the characters as they want, as their aunt or their grandfather, and the moment you bring that to the screen, the reader\u2019s margin for creativity disappears.\u201d<\/p>\n

Besides his wife, Mercedes, his survivors include two sons, Rodrigo and Gonzalo.<\/p>\n

from International Herald Tribune \u00bb Culture http:\/\/ift.tt\/1jea1kV
\nvia IFTTT<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

From the New York Times- Gabriel Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez, the Colombian novelist whose \u201cOne Hundred Years of Solitude\u201d established him as a giant of 20th-century literature, died Thursday at his home in Mexico City. He was 87. His death was confirmed by Crist\u00f3bal Pera, his former editor at Random House. Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez, who received the Nobel […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[13],"tags":[104],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jesusromerotrillo.es\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/756"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jesusromerotrillo.es\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jesusromerotrillo.es\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jesusromerotrillo.es\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jesusromerotrillo.es\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=756"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.jesusromerotrillo.es\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/756\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jesusromerotrillo.es\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=756"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jesusromerotrillo.es\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=756"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jesusromerotrillo.es\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=756"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}